Paediatric empyema: a case report and literature review.

OBJECTIVE To present a case of bilateral parapneumonic effusions in a child with Pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteraemia managed aggressively with early thoracotomies. The literature from peer reviewed journals is summarized and the different management strategies are discussed. METHODS Articles and reviews from peer reviewed journals on the management of empyema in children and adults. RESULTS Staging of parapneumonic pleural effusions is difficult to assess clinically and radiologically. Most cases can be successfully managed with simple chest tube drainage, plus appropriate antibiotic therapy. However, based on the available evidence for children, thoracotomy with decortication and direct drainage may provide the most effective treatment in terms of length of hospital stay and duration of chest tube insertion, when compared with video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) or chest tube drainage, with or without intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy. CONCLUSIONS More conservative approaches to treatment of empyema may be appropriate initially to avoid the cosmetic and other disadvantages of thoracotomy. However, delayed surgical drainage increases morbidity and may potentially increase mortality.